Different Paths to Independence: How Asian Nations Mark Their Own Post-War Days

On September 2, as Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping held a summit, Vietnam celebrated its own Independence Day. With North Korean leader Kim Jong Un reportedly set to visit China for its Victory Day on September 3, the anniversaries surrounding Japan’s defeat in World War II are once again drawing attention on the Northeast Asian diplomatic stage.

Japan’s surrender in 1945 is widely recognized as a turning point signifying “independence” or “liberation” across Asia. Yet, each country observes its commemorative day based on its unique historical circumstances and political choices.

South Korea marks August 15 as Liberation Day. This day commemorates the country’s freedom from Japanese colonial rule in 1945, coinciding with Japan’s declaration of surrender. The same date in 1948 saw the establishment of the Republic of Korea’s government, giving Liberation Day a dual meaning: independence from colonial rule and the birth of the modern nation.

China, on the other hand, celebrates its “Victory over Japanese Aggression and World Anti-Fascist War” on September 3. Unlike South Korea, China does not mark August 15, the day Japan announced its surrender, but rather September 3, 1945—the day after Japan signed the formal surrender documents. This date underlines China's desire to reinforce its standing as a victorious Allied power in the global arena.

Taiwan observes “Taiwan Retrocession Day” on October 25. This marks the day in 1945 when Japanese forces officially surrendered in Taipei, and control of Taiwan transitioned to the Chinese Nationalist government. For Taiwan, this is a day of both liberation from Japanese rule and integration with China.

Vietnam’s National Day is September 2, the date in 1945 when Ho Chi Minh declared independence in Hanoi’s Ba Dinh Square during the power vacuum following Japan’s surrender. For Vietnam, this act symbolizes the proud moment of self-asserted independence in the aftermath of colonial occupation.

The Philippines presents a contrasting case. Once an American colony, the Philippines endured Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945. Although full sovereignty was restored on July 4, 1946—following U.S. recognition of independence—the country now celebrates Independence Day on June 12, commemorating its declaration of independence from Spain in 1898.

This diversity of commemorative dates for what would seem like a shared historical episode reflects profound differences in national memory and identity. Rather than mere differences in chronology, these choices represent each nation’s distinct perspective on liberation, independence, and international status, shaping how history is remembered and linked to their modern identities.

Note “This article was translated from the original Korean version using AI assistance, and subsequently edited by a native-speaking journalist.”

Photo=Yonhap News, Reuters, AP